Galamsey and sustainable development diplomacy: Addressing illegal small scale mining in Ghana through international cooperation and diplomatic engagement
Ghana stands as one of sub-Saharan Africa’s leading gold producers, with a significant contribution from small-scale mining and informal operators, solidifying its status as a key player in Africa’s gold production landscape.
The country’s gold mining industry is dominated by two sectors: large-scale mining (LSM) and small-scale artisanal mining (ASM). Within the ASM sector, there exists the informal galamsey industry, predominantly involving individuals from the lower socioeconomic strata.
Illegal small-scale mining, commonly known as “galamsey,” is “illegal extraction of gold from beneath the soil or water surfaces which is not regulated by any state agency responsible for mining activities in Ghana”
Galamsey, has emerged as a significant socio-environmental challenge in Ghana, posing a threat to sustainable development efforts in the country. Galamsey operations, characterized by their informal and often unregulated nature, have far-reaching consequences for the environment, economy, and social fabric of Ghanaian society. As such, addressing galamsey requires a multifaceted approach that integrates sustainable development principles with diplomatic strategies to mitigate its adverse impacts.
How does galamsey extend beyond national borders to become an international concern?
In today’s globalized world, Galamsey operations often transcend national borders, with miners and syndicates operating across multiple countries. This transnational nature makes it challenging for individual nations through government crackdowns to effectively combat illegal mining activities within their own territories, necessitating international cooperation and coordination. Again, economic activities in one country can have ripple effects across borders.
The economic consequences of galamsey, including loss of revenue, disruption of legitimate mining operations, and damage to tourism and agriculture, can reverberate regionally and globally. The gold and minerals obtained through galamsey often enter global supply chains, where they may be processed, traded, and eventually sold internationally. This implicates international markets and consumers in the perpetuation of illegal mining practices and associated environmental and social harms.
In addition, the environmental consequences of galamsey, such as deforestation, water pollution, and land degradation, can extend beyond national boundaries. Pollution from illegal mining operations can affect shared water resources and ecosystems, impacting neighboring countries’ environmental health and biodiversity. For instance, in 2017, there were news reports about the pollution of waterbodies in Ivory Coast being caused by galamsey.
“Bianouan is right on Ivory Coast’s border with Ghana. The source of the Bia River is across the border, in Ghana. And that’s where the problem is coming from. Also, dozens of people are panning for gold near a village called Dadieso in Ghana and this is contaminating the community’s only water source.
Furthermore, Galamsey activities are frequently associated with human rights abuses, including child labor, unsafe working conditions, and exploitation of vulnerable populations. These violations raise international concerns and obligations under various human rights conventions and agreements.
OVERVIEW OF GALAMSEY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA
Sustainable Development Diplomacy emerged as a response to the global commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which were established as a universal framework for addressing pressing socio-economic, environmental, and governance challenges worldwide. The SDGs, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, encompass 17 interconnected goals aimed at eradicating poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity for all. Sustainable Development Diplomacy, “aims to solve problems through innovative technologies, policies and practices that provide required services by less environmentally damaging means, and implementation of restorative development actions to restore lost ecosystem functions” (Moomaw, 2016). It is a process whereby a wide variety of actors can use in their efforts to pursue sustainability goals.
Therefore, there is a focus on actors and what they can do to steer society towards sustainable development. It involves the strategic use of diplomatic channels, multilateral cooperation, and international partnerships to address complex socio-environmental challenges such as galamsey. While traditional diplomatic methods remain significant in sustainable development, the concept of sustainable development diplomacy is relevant because it encompasses more effective approaches to achieve sustainable development and meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals which require that there be an effective process of negotiating and implementing sustainable development policies and practices.
Galamsey directly undermines SDG 15 (Life on Land) by contributing to deforestation, biodiversity loss, land degradation, and pollution of water bodies. Addressing galamsey is essential for achieving SDG 15’s objectives of protecting terrestrial ecosystems, restoring degraded land, and preserving biodiversity for present and future generations
While small-scale mining can contribute to local livelihoods and economic development when conducted responsibly, galamsey often involves illegal extraction of minerals, destruction of natural habitats, and exploitation of vulnerable communities (Ghana Chamber of Mines 2002).. The proliferation of galamsey operations has led to deforestation, pollution of water bodies, land degradation, and social unrest in affected areas, undermining Ghana’s efforts towards sustainable development.
In the context of galamsey, sustainable development diplomacy entails diplomatic engagement at the national, regional, and international levels to address the root causes and consequences of illegal small-scale mining. It involves advocating for policy reforms, strengthening regulatory frameworks, mobilizing financial resources, and fostering collaboration with relevant stakeholders to promote responsible mining practices, protect the environment, and enhance socio-economic development in Ghana.
Overall, sustainable development diplomacy offers a framework for integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations into diplomatic agendas, thereby facilitating coordinated efforts to address complex socio-environmental challenges like galamsey and advance the broader goals of sustainable development in Ghana and beyond.
THE DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION OF ILLEGAL SMALL-SCALE MINING (GALAMSEY) Top of Form
The masterful yet subtle art of diplomacy is a fundamental aspect of International Relations (IR) and it prominence across all areas of the field is due to its role as the primary means of communication, negotiation, among states and other international actors. Evidently, there are numerous definitions of this concept. For the purpose of this article, the definition of diplomacy as posited by John Gerard Ruggie, a key figure in the development of the liberal institutionalist approach, will be relied upon. He defines diplomacy as “the institutionalized process of managing relations among states through formal negotiations, diplomatic exchanges, and the adherence to international norms and rules, with the aim of reaching agreements on common action, or at least a common understanding, on matters of shared interest” (Ruggie, 1992).
Ghana, as a member state of the United Nations automatically adopt the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and must therefore demonstrate its global commitment to sustainable development. Galamsey significantly impacts Ghana’s international reputation, especially concerning its commitment to environmental conservation and upholding human rights. Failure to effectively address illegal mining tarnishes Ghana’s image on the global stage and undermines its credibility as a responsible member of the international community.
Compliance with global environmental and human rights standards is essential for maintaining trust with international partners and investors, as well as for positioning Ghana as a reliable ally in the pursuit of sustainable development. Persistent illegal mining activities may affect cooperation agreements, trade relations, and foreign aid. Ghana’s efforts to combat galamsey and mitigate its environmental and social impacts are closely scrutinized by its international partners, influencing the dynamics of diplomatic engagements and partnerships. By embracing sustainable development diplomacy, Ghana can pursue its interests in combating galamsey while advancing environmental stewardship and socio-economic development.
Through collaborative efforts at the national, regional, and international levels, Ghana can promote responsible mining practices, preserve natural resources, and safeguard the well-being of its citizens for present and future generations. Sustainable development diplomacy offers a pathway for Ghana to demonstrate leadership, forge partnerships, and contribute to global efforts towards achieving the SDGs and creating a more sustainable and equitable world.
MULTILATERAL COOPERATION
Multilateral cooperation in diplomacy involves collaboration among three or more states or international actors to address common challenges, advance shared interests, and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. This form of cooperation is characterized by the participation of multiple stakeholders, often facilitated by international organizations or forums. Engaging International Organizations and forums is crucial for addressing galamsey comprehensively.
Ghana can leverage platforms such as the United Nations Environmental Programme’s (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership to address the use of mercury in illegal mining and promote alternatives that minimize environmental harm to advocate for sustainable mining practices and mobilize global support. Galamsey activities often result in the contamination of water bodies with toxic chemicals such as mercury, cyanide, and heavy metals used in the mining process. These pollutants pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health, affecting water quality, biodiversity, and livelihoods dependent on fisheries and agriculture.
SDG 15 emphasizes the conservation and sustainable use of marine and freshwater resources, including the prevention of pollution and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. Galamsey undermines these goals by polluting water bodies and jeopardizing the health of aquatic ecosystems and communities. At this juncture, it worth citing Peru as an example. Peru, a significant gold producer in Latin America, has in recent times undertaken diplomatic efforts to promote sustainable mining practices and address social and environmental concerns associated with gold mining.
The Peruvian government works with international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to strengthen governance mechanisms, improve environmental regulations, and promote responsible mineral supply chains. Between 2019 and 2020, the Peruvian government in collaboration with UNEP cracked down on illegal gold mining in Madre de Dios, its southeastern Amazon region, through an unprecedented initiative dubbed “Operation Mercury.”
The coordinated government effort resulted in a big win for the Peruvian state versus illegal small-scale miners in the region. In the Operation, there was a deployment of armed military who ensured that mining was being done ecologically. Operation Mercury benefited from international cooperation and support, with organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) providing technical assistance, funding for alternative livelihoods, and expertise to complement government efforts in combating illegal mining and promoting sustainable development in the Madre de Dios region.
According to a 2023 article published by Dartmouth titled ‘Operation Mercury’ curbs Illegal Gold Mining in Peru’, it was stated that illegal mining had reduced to about 70% since the operation’s inception.
BILATERAL PARTNERSHIPS
Bilateral partnerships in diplomacy refer to cooperative relationships established between two countries to pursue shared interests, resolve disputes, and enhance mutual understanding. These partnerships play a crucial role in advancing their national interests on the global stage. In their seminal work “Power and Interdependence,” Keohane and Nye define bilateral partnerships as “forms of interaction between two units (usually states) that involve some combination of exchanges, mutual benefits, and common purpose” (Keohane and Nye,1977, p. 12). Bilateral partnerships are often formalized through the signing of bilateral agreements, treaties, or memoranda of understanding (MoUs) between the two countries.
These agreements may cover a wide range of areas, including trade and investment, defense and security, education and cultural exchange, scientific research, and environmental cooperation, among others. In the context of Sustainable Development Diplomacy, collaborating with foreign governments and donor agencies can provide crucial support for sustainable mining initiatives.
By partnering with countries experienced in responsible mining practices, Ghana can access technical expertise, financial resources, and capacity-building opportunities. Bilateral partnerships are not merely agreements between states; they are expressions of mutual respect, trust, and shared aspirations for a better world. Furthermore, these partnerships can encompass various aspects, including technical assistance, capacity building, regulatory reforms, and financial support.
· Technical Assistance: Foreign governments and donor agencies often provide technical expertise to support Ghana’s efforts in implementing sustainable mining practices. This assistance may involve sharing knowledge on advanced mining technologies, environmental management techniques, and community engagement strategies.
The Australian government, through its Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), could collaborate with Ghana’s Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources to provide technical assistance in implementing best practices for environmental rehabilitation in mined-out areas. Australian experts could offer guidance on reforestation techniques, soil conservation measures, and sustainable land use planning.
· Capacity Building: Capacity building is essential for enhancing the skills and capabilities of Ghanaian stakeholders involved in the mining sector, including government officials, mining companies, and local communities. Bilateral partnerships can facilitate training programs, workshops, and knowledge exchange initiatives to build institutional capacity and improve governance in the mining sector.
The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) could partner with Ghana’s Minerals Commission to organize capacity building workshops on responsible mining practices and regulatory compliance. These workshops could cover topics such as environmental impact assessment, mine closure planning, and stakeholder engagement, equipping Ghanaian officials with the knowledge and skills needed to oversee sustainable mining operations.
· Regulatory Reforms: Bilateral partnerships can support Ghana in strengthening its regulatory framework for the mining sector to ensure compliance with environmental standards, labor laws, and human rights principles. Foreign governments and donor agencies may provide technical assistance, policy advice, and financial support to facilitate regulatory reforms aimed at promoting sustainable mining practices.
The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) could collaborate with Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review and update the country’s mining regulations to include stricter provisions for environmental protection and community participation. NORAD experts could assist in drafting new legislation or amending existing laws to enhance transparency, accountability, and social responsibility within the mining industry.
In summary, bilateral partnerships play a crucial role in supporting Ghana’s sustainable development goals in the mining sector by providing technical assistance, capacity building, regulatory reforms, and financial support. Collaborative efforts between Ghana and foreign governments/donor agencies can help address the challenges posed by illegal mining activities and promote environmentally and socially responsible mining practices for the benefit of present and future generations.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DIPLOMACY: INDEED, A MORE PROMISING WAY FORWARD.
There is little doubt that the regulations of small-scale operation in Ghana have gone a long way to significantly lessen the rate of illegal gold mining from the country. Ghana has taken various actions to tackle the pervasive issue of galamsey, but these efforts have often been inefficient, particularly in addressing the involvement of Chinese illegal miners. Despite government crackdowns, regulatory reforms, and intensified law enforcement operations, illegal small-scale mining activities persist, exacerbating environmental degradation, social unrest, and economic instability.
One notable action by Ghana to curb galamsey includes the implementation of “Operation Vanguard” in 2017, a joint military-police task force tasked with combating illegal mining activities. While Operation Vanguard initially achieved some successes in dismantling illegal mining sites and arresting perpetrators, its impact has been limited by resource constraints, corruption, and the resilience of illegal mining networks.
Additionally, the current Minister of Land and Natural resources has launched ‘Blue Water Guards’, which aimed is to provide 24 hour surveillance of the water bodies and help curb the illegal mining activities around rivers in Ghana. However, enforcement of these laws and initiatives remains a challenge, with limited capacity and resources allocated to monitoring and enforcement activities.
In the context of Chinese involvement in galamsey, Ghana has faced significant difficulties in addressing the issue due to diplomatic sensitivities, jurisdictional complexities, and the clandestine nature of illegal mining operations. Despite efforts to crack down on foreign involvement in galamsey, including the arrest and deportation of Chinese nationals engaged in illegal mining activities, the problem persists.
The inefficiency of Ghana’s actions in tackling galamsey underscores the limitations of unilateral approaches and the need for a more comprehensive and coordinated strategy. Sustainable Development Diplomacy (SDD) offers a promising way forward by emphasizing international cooperation, diplomatic engagement, and multilateral partnerships.
Through SDD, Ghana can leverage diplomatic channels to engage with countries like China, whose nationals are involved in illegal mining activities, to address the root causes of the problem and promote responsible resource management. Diplomatic efforts can focus on fostering mutual understanding, sharing best practices, and facilitating cooperation in law enforcement, regulatory enforcement, and sustainable development initiatives.
Moreover, SDD can enable Ghana to mobilize support from the international community, including multilateral organizations, donor agencies, and civil society groups, to tackle galamsey comprehensively. By fostering dialogue, consensus-building, and collective action, SDD offers a holistic approach that integrates local, national, and international efforts, positioning Ghana to address the challenges of galamsey effectively and achieve sustainable development goals in the long run.
Finally, on the subject of International Development Goals, Illegal mining undermines efforts to achieve sustainable development goals, including poverty reduction, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Its adverse impacts on communities and ecosystems hinder progress towards international development objectives, making it a global development challenge. Given these interconnected factors, galamsey is not merely a domestic issue but rather a complex international problem that requires collaborative efforts among nations, international organizations, and other stakeholders to address effectively.
Writer’s email: Brightkelvin289@gmail.com